What is tanning and what is sunburn?

Tanning is an adaptive reaction of the skin that serves as a protective mechanism against UV radiation. It is caused by increased melanin production in the skin cells, which is stimulated by UV radiation. Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of the skin and forms a protective barrier against UV rays. When the skin is exposed to UV rays, it begins to produce more melanin to minimize DNA damage and protect the skin from further damage. Tanning is therefore a natural reaction that helps to reduce the risk of skin damage from sun exposure. Sunburn, on the other hand, is an overreaction of the skin to intense or prolonged exposure to UV radiation. It occurs when the UV radiation damages the skin cells and triggers an inflammatory reaction. This reaction releases inflammatory mediators that lead to redness, swelling and pain. Sunburn can occur within a few hours of UV exposure and is a sign that the skin is overwhelmed and its natural repair mechanisms are triggered.

The difference between a tan and sunburn therefore lies not only in the type of skin reaction, but also in the duration and intensity of UV exposure. A tan develops over a longer period of time and is a gradual process, whereas sunburn occurs immediately after intense UV exposure and usually heals within a few days. Both reactions are attempts by the skin to protect itself, but they show different degrees of adaptation and damage to the skin.

Good to know

People with very fair skin who get sunburned easily are genetically adapted to northern regions with low UV radiation to optimize vitamin D synthesis, while people with darker skin are adapted to the strong UV radiation near the equator.

Long-term effects of UV exposure

In addition to the immediate skin reaction, repeated and long-term UV exposure has significant effects on skin health. Long-term exposure to UV radiation can lead to premature skin ageing, increased formation of skin cancer and other skin diseases. It is therefore important to protect the skin with suitable protective measures such as sunscreen, protective clothing and avoiding intense sun exposure.

Overall, tanning and sunburn demonstrate the skin's ability to respond to UV radiation, with tanning being a protective adaptation, while sunburn is a sign of overexposure and potential damage. The skin has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to different sun exposures and maintain its health, but overexposure to UV can eventually lead to serious skin problems.

What does genetics have to do with it?